Problem Description

In this problem, we have a company structure that resembles a tree, where each employee except the head has a direct manager. The head of the company has a unique ID 'headID' where manager[headID] = -1, indicating that they have no managers above them. Every employee has a unique ID from 0 to n - 1. Each employee is responsible for passing on an urgent message to their direct subordinates, and this chain of communication continues until all employees are aware of the message. The time taken for each employee to inform their subordinates is given in an array informTime, where informTime[i] represents the minutes employee i takes to inform their direct subordinates. The goal is to find out the total number of minutes needed to inform all the employees.

The communication follows a hierarchical tree structure where the head of the company is the root. When the head of the company starts the communication, the message flows down the tree from manager to subordinate. Each employee waits until they receive the message before they start their clock and spend the specified informTime[i] minutes to pass the message to their subordinates. The total time taken for the entire company to be informed is the longest path of communication from the head down to any leaf in the tree.

Flowchart Walkthrough

To analyze LeetCode problem 1376, "Time Needed to Inform All Employees," let's use the algorithm flowchart for guidance, starting with the initial questions and progressing based on the problem specifications. Here's the complete analysis using the flowchart:

Is it a graph?

• Yes: The hierarchy of employees and who they must inform can be visualized as a graph where each node represents an employee, and the directed edges indicate who must inform whom.

Is it a tree?

• Yes: The information flow from a manager to their subordinates essentially forms a tree structure, starting from the head of the company (the root) and spreading to all employees (leaves).

Apply DFS.

• We choose Depth-First Search (DFS) here because we need to calculate the total time taken for information to spread through the entire tree (graph), starting from the root down to the farthest leaf. DFS is suitable because it explores each branch to its fullest depth before backtracking, which fits well when calculating accumulated values like time over a hierarchical tree.

Thus, following the flowchart and the nature of the problem, utilizing DFS allows us to efficiently determine the maximum time required to notify all employees, proceeding from the top of the hierarchy downwards. This method ensures that the cumulative time for each path in the tree is calculated comprehensively, leading us to the correct maximum time needed for the information spread.

Intuition

The solution utilizes Depth-First Search (DFS), a classic algorithm to traverse or search tree or graph data structures. The idea is to track the time taken for an employee to spread the news to all their subordinates. We simulate this propagation of information from the head of the company downwards.

First, we construct a graph that represents the company structure, with edges from managers to subordinates. This adjacency list is built from the manager array where each index corresponds to an employee and the value at that index is the employee's manager.

Next, we define the DFS function, which recursively calculates the total time needed by an employee to inform all their direct and indirect subordinates. The function performs the following steps:

1. It receives an employee ID i.
2. Iterates over all direct subordinates j of i (retrieved from the adjacency list).
3. Calls itself (DFS) for each subordinate j to calculate the time j will take to inform their subordinates.
4. Adds the informTime[i] to the time taken by j to distribute the message further, and keeps track of the maximum time encountered.
5. Returns the maximum time taken for employee i to inform all their subordinates.

Applying the DFS function starting from headID will provide us with the total time needed for the head of the company to spread the message throughout the organization. This time corresponds to the longest path from the root (head of the company) to any leaf node (employee) in this tree structure.

Learn more about Tree, Depth-First Search and Breadth-First Search patterns.

Solution Approach

The solution to this problem is implemented via a Depth-First Search (DFS) approach, which is a standard algorithm used to traverse trees or graphs. Here's an in-depth walkthrough of how the solution is implemented:

1. Graph Construction: First, we build an adjacency list g, using a defaultdict from Python's collections module. This data structure maps each manager to their list of direct subordinates. We populate this adjacency list by iterating through the manager array and appending the index i (which represents the employee) to the list of subordinates for the manager x.

2. DFS Function: We define a recursive function dfs(i) where i is the ID of the employee whose total inform time needs to be calculated.

   • If the employee i does not have any subordinates (i.e., a leaf node), the function returns 0 immediately because they do not need to inform anyone else.
   • If the employee has subordinates, the function iterates through the list of direct subordinates j in g[i] and recursively calls dfs(j) on each. This call calculates the time it takes for the subtree rooted at j to be fully informed.
   • We keep track of the maximum time taken among all subordinates by calculating max(ans, dfs(j) + informTime[i]), where ans is the maximum time found so far and informTime[i] is the time i takes to inform their direct subordinates.
   • After all subordinates of i have been processed, the function returns the maximum time taken as the complete inform time for employee i's subordinates.

3. Calculating the Answer: Finally, the total number of minutes to inform all employees is given by dfs(headID). This call starts the recursive process at the head of the company, and since we use the maximum inform time at each step, the returned value represents the longest time path from the head down to any leaf node. This value is the answer to our problem.

By utilizing the defaultdict to create a graph and the recursive DFS function to explore the tree structure, we obtain an efficient way to calculate the minimum time needed to distribute the news to all employees. The max function ensures that we consider the longest path in the tree structure, corresponding to the worst-case time scenario given the hierarchical company structure.

Example Walkthrough

Let's say we have these inputs for our company communication problem:

• The manager array is [3, 3, -1, 2], representing that:

  • Employee 0 reports to manager 3.
  • Employee 1 also reports to manager 3.
  • Employee 2 is the head of the company as manager[2] is -1.
  • Employee 3 reports to manager 2.

• The informTime array is [1, 2, 10, 5]:

  • It takes 1 minute for employee 0 to inform their subordinates (in this case, they have none).
  • It takes 2 minutes for employee 1 to inform their subordinates (they also have none).
  • It takes 10 minutes for employee 2 (the head) to inform their subordinate (employee 3).
  • It takes 5 minutes for employee 3 to inform their subordinates (employees 0 and 1).

With the given structure, we can construct the following company tree:

       (Head)
     Employee 2
      /    \
    /        \
Employee 3    ---
/    \
E0    E1

Here is the step-by-step approach using our solution:

1. We build our adjacency list g from the manager array. After building, it will look like this:

{
  3: [0, 1], // Employee 3 manages Employee 0 and 1
  2: [3],    // The head (Employee 2) manages Employee 3
}

2. We define and use our DFS function to calculate the total inform time. We begin with dfs(2) as 2 is the head:

   • Since employee 2 is not a leaf node, we check for its subordinates.
   • We find that employee 2 has a subordinate, employee 3, and we call dfs(3).
   • Now within dfs(3), since employee 3 also has subordinates (0 and 1), we call dfs on each.
   • dfs(0) returns 0 because employee 0 is a leaf node.
   • Similarly, dfs(1) returns 0.
   • Now, with both subordinates checked, dfs(3) returns max(0+5, 0+5) (since both subordinates took 0 minutes and employee 3 needs 5 minutes to inform).
   • Back to dfs(2), it now returns max(10, 5+10), which is 15, since employee 2 takes 10 minutes to inform their direct subordinate (employee 3) and then employee 3 takes another 5 minutes, totaling to 15.

3. dfs(headID) sums up the total time taken to the head of the company to distribute the message:

   • Since headID is 2, we return dfs(2) which we have calculated to be 15.
   • Thus, the total number of minutes to inform all employees is 15.

In this example, the longest path of communication, which determines the total inform time, is from the head (Employee 2) to Employee 3, and then to either Employee 0 or Employee 1, totaling 15 minutes.

Solution Implementation

Time and Space Complexity

Time Complexity

The time complexity of the provided code is indeed O(n). This is because each employee is visited exactly once in the depth-first search (DFS). In the DFS, the function dfs is called recursively for each subordinate of a manager, creating a tree-like structure of calls. Since there are n employees, and each of them will be processed once to calculate the time required to inform them, the time to traverse the entire employee hierarchy (or graph) is proportional to the number of employees, thus linear in the number of employees.

Space Complexity

As for the space complexity, it is also O(n). The main factors contributing to space complexity are:

1. The recursive call stack of the DFS, which, in the worst case, could be O(n) if the organizational chart is a straight line (i.e., each employee has only one direct subordinate, forming a chain).
2. The adjacency list g, which stores the subordinate information. In the worst case, it will contain an entry for every employee, leading to O(n) space usage.

Combining both factors, the space complexity remains O(n).

Learn more about how to find time and space complexity quickly using problem constraints.